Ma ka nui, ua hoʻokuʻu mua ka International Energy Agency (IEA) i ka "Special Report on Photovoltaic Global Supply Chain", e hōʻike ana mai ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻolilo ʻo Kina i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 biliona kālā ʻAmelika e hoʻonui i ka mana hana o nā lako photovoltaic, ʻo ia hoʻi he 10 mau manawa. o Europa.Ua hana ʻo Kina ma mua o 300,000 mau hana hana;ʻO ka ʻoihana hana kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o Kina e noho ana ma ka liʻiliʻi o 80% o ka mana hana honua i nā loulou hana a pau o nā panela lā, mai nā mea silika, nā silicon ingots, nā wafers i nā cell a me nā modules, i waena o ka mea haʻahaʻa ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa he silika mea (79.4%), a ʻO ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa he silicon ingot (96.8%).Ua wānana hou ka IEA ma ka makahiki 2025, ʻo ka mana hana o Kina i kekahi mau loulou e helu no 95% a ʻoi aku paha.

ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka IEA i ka "dominate" e wehewehe i ke kūlana o ka ʻoihana photovoltaic o Kina, a me ka ʻōlelo ʻana he mea hoʻoweliweli ia i ke kaulahao lako photovoltaic honua. "… Pono nā aupuni e kamaʻilio.ʻO ka "manaʻo hoʻoweliweli" hope loa paha ʻo 5G.

Akā ʻaʻole nā ​​panela solar wale nō ka loulou i ke kaulahao waiwai PV i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā hui Kina.Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikala i kahi mea ʻike liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, akā like koʻikoʻi i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hana mana photovoltaic-ka photovoltaic inverter.

Inverter, ka puʻuwai a me ka lolo o nā photovoltaics

Hiki i ka photovoltaic inverter ke hoʻololi i ke au pololei i hana ʻia e ka module solar cell i ke ʻano ʻokoʻa me ke alapine hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana a me ke ola.Na ka inverter ke kuleana no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana o nā panela photovoltaic a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka pale hewa ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana, me ka ʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka hana maʻalahi a me nā hana pani ʻana, nā mana mana hoʻokele mana kiʻekiʻe, kahi ʻano o nā hana i koi ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana pili pūnaewele, etc. .

I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka inverter photovoltaic e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka mana hoʻopuka kiʻekiʻe loa o ka pūʻulu modula photovoltaic, a me ka hānai ʻana i kona ikehu i loko o ka pahu me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ka mana.Me ka ʻole o ka "naʻau a me ka lolo" o kēia ʻōnaehana photovoltaic, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā kānaka ka uila i hana ʻia e nā pūnāwai lā o kēia manawa.

Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ke kūlana o ke kaulahao ʻoihana, aia ka inverter i ka lalo o ka ʻoihana photovoltaic, a komo ia i ka loulou i ke kaʻina hana o ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana mana (no ke ʻano o ke ʻano).

Mai kahi kumu kūʻai, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka hapa o nā inverters photovoltaic i ke kumukūʻai.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōnaehana photovoltaic i puʻunaue ʻia ma mua o nā mea kanu mana honua nui.

Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻohuli photovoltaic i kēia manawa nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo, a ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano huahana.ʻEhā mau ʻano: centralized, string, distributed and micro inverters.I waena o lākou, he ʻokoʻa loa ka micro-inverter mai nā mea ʻekolu ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana mana kiʻi kiʻi liʻiliʻi, e like me nā photovoltaics home, a ʻaʻole kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana nui.

Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka māhele mākeke, ua lawe nā mea hoʻohuli i ke kaula i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi, ʻo nā mea hoʻohuli kikowaena i helu ʻia i ka lua me kahi ākea nui, a ʻo nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i helu ʻia no ka liʻiliʻi loa.E like me ka ikepili i haawiia mai e CPIA, string inverters helu no 69.6%, centralized inverters mooolelo no 27.7%, puunaue inverters i ka makeke mahele o ma kahi o 2.7%, a me ka micro inverters 'aʻole i ike.helu helu.

ʻO ke kumu o ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻohuli nui loa i kēia manawa, ʻo ia: ʻo ka laulā o ka volta hana he ākea a ikaika ka mana o ka mana i nā kukui haʻahaʻa;hoʻokahi mea hoʻohuli e hoʻomalu i ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻāpana pākahi, ma ke ʻano he mau kakini wale nō, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka inverter kikowaena ʻO ka helu o nā tausani o nā mea hana, ʻo ka hopena o nā hāʻule i manaʻo ʻole ʻia i ka hana hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa he haʻahaʻa;he haʻahaʻa nā kumukūʻai o ka hana a me ka mālama ʻana, maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana i ka hewa, a i ka wā i loaʻa ai kahi hewa, pōkole ka manawa hoʻoponopono, a ʻo ka hāʻule ʻole a me ka mālama ʻana e emi iki ka pohō.

Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ma waho aʻe o nā mea kanu mana nui, ʻo ka ʻoihana photovoltaic kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona noi kikoʻī, a he nui nā ʻano o nā photovoltaics i puʻunaue ʻia, e like me nā photovoltaics hale, nā hale kiʻi kiʻi hale kiʻekiʻe. pale pale, a pela aku.No ia mau mea hana mana photovoltaic, loaʻa i ka mokuʻāina nā hoʻolālā like.No ka laʻana, i ka Hoʻolālā Hoʻokō no ka Carbon Peaking ma Urban and Rural Construction i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development a me ka National Development and Reform Commission i Iulai, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e 2025, nā hale aupuni hou, ʻO ka hale. ʻO ka nui o ka uhi photovoltaic o ka hale hana hou i kūkulu ʻia e hiki i 50%.ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona noiʻi like ʻole he pono like ʻole no nā inverters photovoltaic, a me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana photovoltaic, ʻaʻole hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻenehana iterations i ka ʻoihana, me ka maopopo ʻole o ka mākeke o nā inverters photovoltaic.

Ma ke ʻano o ka nui o ka mākeke, pono e haʻi ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ma mua o hoʻokahi ʻoihana alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana inverter, ʻo ka hōʻike ʻole ʻana o ka ʻike i hoʻokumu ʻia i kekahi mau pilikia helu, e hopena i kekahi mau ʻokoʻa i ka ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia e nā hui like ʻole ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka caliber.

Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mākeke nui, e like me ka helu o nā moku: IHS Markit's PV inverter moku ma 2021 ma kahi o 218GW, he makahiki-ma-makahiki piʻi ma kahi o 27%;ʻOi aku ka ʻikepili o Wood Mackenzie ma mua o 225GW, ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki-ma-makahiki o 22%.

ʻO ke kumu i loaʻa ai ka hoʻokūkū nui o ka ʻoihana photovoltaic inverter i kēia manawa ma muli o ka uku kumukūʻai nui i lawe ʻia e ka hiki ke hoʻokele waiwai o nā ʻoihana kūloko.I kēia manawa, kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻano mea hoʻohuli i Kina he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai, a ʻo ke kumu kūʻai no ka watt he 50% a i ʻole 20% o ke kumukūʻai ma waho.

ʻO ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono ke kuhikuhi o ka optimization

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu nā mea hoʻohuli kiʻi photovoltaic home i kahi pono hoʻokūkū, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui hou i ka ʻoihana.ʻO nā ala hoʻemi kumu nui no nā mea hoʻohuli kiʻi kiʻi e hiki mai ana e kālele i ʻekolu mau ʻano: localization o nā mea nui, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka mana a me ka hana ʻenehana.

Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolālā kumukūʻai, ʻo nā mea kikoʻī o ka photovoltaic inverters helu no kahi kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 80%, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: nā semiconductors mana (ka nui o IGBTs), nā ʻāpana mechanical (nā ʻāpana palaki, make castings, radiators, Nā ʻāpana metala, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), nā mea kōkua (nā mea insulating, nā mea hoʻopihapiha, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe (capacitors, inductors, integrated circuits, etc.).ʻO ke kumu kūʻai maʻamau o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā photovoltaic inverters e pili nui ʻia e ka upstream raw material, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana, ua lawa ka hoʻokūkū mākeke, paʻakikī ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai, a ua liʻiliʻi ka wahi kūʻai, ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi nui. kōkua no ka hōʻemi hou ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o nā inverters.

Akā ʻokoʻa nā mea semiconductor.He 10% a 20% o ke kumu kūʻai o ka mea hoʻohuli.ʻO lākou nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e ʻike i ka hana hoʻohuli DC-AC o ka inverter, a hoʻoholo pololei i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pono o nā mea hana.Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā pale ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe o IGBT, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka pae o ka localization i kēia pae.

ʻO kēia ka mea i ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā semiconductors mana ma mua o nā mea hana ʻē aʻe.ʻO ia hoʻi ka hemahema o ka semiconductor honua a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai mai 2021 i alakaʻi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka loaʻa kālā o nā inverters, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka loaʻa kālā o nā huahana i hōʻole ʻia.Me ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā semiconductor home, manaʻo ʻia ka ʻoihana inverter e ʻike i ka hoʻololi kūloko o IGBT i ka wā e hiki mai ana a hoʻokō i ka hōʻemi holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka mana nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā huahana me ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ke kaupaona like, a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana māmā ma lalo o ka mana like, a laila e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kumukūʻai paʻa o nā ʻāpana hana / mea kōkua a loaʻa nā hopena hōʻemi pili.Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻāpana huahana, ke hoʻomaikaʻi mau nei nā inverters i kēia manawa i ka mana helu a me ka mana.

He maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻenehana.Hiki i ka ʻoihana inverter ke hoʻokō i ka mana kumu kūʻai a wehe hou i nā palena waiwai ma o ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka hoʻolālā huahana, hoʻemi i nā mea waiwai, hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kaʻina hana, a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hana pono.

ʻO ka honua e hiki mai ana, mālama i ka ikehu?

Ma waho aʻe o nā photovoltaics, ʻo kahi ʻano mākeke ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoihana inverter o kēia manawa ʻo ia ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela.

ʻO ka hana mana photovoltaic, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōnaehana photovoltaic i puʻunaue ʻia, loaʻa ka intermittency kūlohelohe a me ka volatility.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mana hoʻomau a paʻa kahi hopena i ʻike nui ʻia.

I mea e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka ʻōnaehana mana hou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Power Conversion System (PCS; i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mea hoʻololi hoʻololi i ka ikehu no ka ʻoluʻolu o ka ʻike).ʻO ka PCS kahi ʻōnaehana electrochemical e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻōnaehana pākaukau a me ka mana mana e ʻike i ka hoʻololi bidirectional o ka ikehu uila.ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi wale i ka ʻokoʻa i loko o ke au pololei e hoʻopaʻa i ka pākaukau i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana, akā hoʻololi pū i ke ʻano pololei i loko o ka pā waihona i loko o ke ʻano ʻokoʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a hoʻopili i ka pā..

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hana paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mana o ka mana no nā mea hoʻohuli e mālama i ka ikehu, e hopena i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka helu o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia, hiki ke kokoke i ʻelua mau mea hoʻololi photovoltaic maʻamau.I ka manawa like, lawe pū nā hana paʻakikī i nā pale ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.

E like me, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nui loa ka pālākiō holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻike mua ka mea hoʻohuli i ka ikehu i ka loaʻa kālā maikaʻi loa, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka palena waiwai nui ma mua o ka inverter photovoltaic.

Ke hoʻoholo nei i ke kūlana o ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaka mua ka mākeke mālama ikehu o waho, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka koi ma mua o Kina.ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu nā ʻoihana kūloko i kahi mana kūʻai e like me nā ʻāpana pākaukau a me nā inverters i ka ʻoihana.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nui ka mākeke mākeke o nā mea hoʻohuli i ka ikehu i kēia pae, a aia kahi ākea nui me nā inverters photovoltaic.ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā hui kūloko a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā koho ʻoihana.

No nā ʻoihana, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau pale ʻenehana, ʻo ka ʻenehana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu inverters a me ka photovoltaic inverters ke kumu like, a ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa i nā ʻoihana ke hoʻololi.A ma ka mākeke kūloko, i alakaʻi ʻia e nā ʻoihana a me nā kulekele, ua komo ka ʻoihana mālama mālama i kahi manawa o ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana, me ka ulu nui o ka mākeke a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka ʻoihana ikaika, ʻo ia kahi kuhikuhi hoʻomohala ʻoihana no nā hui inverter.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ua pōmaikaʻi nā hui he nui mai nā manaʻolana maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu.Ke hoʻoholo nei mai ka hana ma 2021, ua hōʻike ikaika nā laina ʻoihana mālama mālama o nā ʻoihana he nui.ʻOiai ua pili kēia ulu me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua lawa ia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ikaika, a ʻaʻohe kānalua ʻo ia ka loiloi ʻoihana maikaʻi a me ka ulu ʻana.

ʻO ke ala hoʻemi o ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā inverters mālama i ka ikehu ua maopopo loa, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa mai nā inverters photovoltaic.Hoʻopili ia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o nā ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka hoʻololi kūloko o nā semiconductors mana.No ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia, hana ʻia ma ka home Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hopena hōʻemi i ke kumu kūʻai i lawe ʻia e ka hoʻololi.

Inā hoʻonui nā ʻoihana inverter i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana hoʻololi i ka ikehu, e hilinaʻi ana i ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana mālama ikehu a me nā pono hoʻokūkū i hoʻokumu ʻia o nā inverters pili i ka grid, loaʻa iā mākou nā kumu āpau e manaʻoʻiʻo ai ua loaʻa i ka ʻoihana kūloko nā manawa āpau e hilinaʻi i kā Kina. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana, ka hana hou ʻana o ka pōmaikaʻi o ka ʻoihana photovoltaic i loko o ke kaulahao waiwai e mālama ai i ka ikehu, a me ka kūleʻa pāʻoihana o nā ʻoihana kūloko he hopena kūlohelohe nō hoʻi.